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Pheromone traps can detect the arrival of fleas or alert foresters to outbreaks. For instance, the spruce budworm, a damaging pest of spruce and balsam fir, has been monitored using pheromone traps in Canadian woods for several decades.22 In some regions, such as New Brunswick, areas of forest are sprayed with pesticide to control the budworm population and prevent the harm generated during outbreaks.23.

Many unwelcome animals go to or create their home in residential buildings, industrial sites and urban places. Some contaminate foodstuffs, damage structural timbers, chew through cloths or infest stored dry products. Some inflict great economic loss, others take diseases or cause fire dangers, and some are only a nuisance. Control of these pests has been tried by improving sanitation and trash control, modifying the habitat, and using repellents, growth regulators, traps, baits and pesticides.24.

Physical pest control involves trapping or killing pests such as insects and rodents. Historically, local people or compensated rat-catchers caught and killed rodents using dogs and seals.25 On a domestic scale, sticky flypapers are utilized to trap flies. In larger buildings, insects may be trapped using such means as pheromones, synthetic volatile chemicals or ultraviolet light to attract the insects; some have a tacky base or an electrically charged grid to kill them.

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Rodents can be killed by appropriately baited spring traps and can be captured in cage traps for relocation. Talcum powder or"tracking powder" can be used to establish routes used by rodents inside buildings and acoustic apparatus can be used for detecting beetles in structural timbers.24.

Historically, firearms have been one of the primary methods used for pest control. "Garden Guns" are smooth bore shotguns specially designed to fire .22 grade snake taken or 9mm Flobert, and are commonly used by gardeners and farmers such as snakes, rodents, birds, and other pest. Garden Guns are short range weapons which can do little harm beyond 15 to 20 yards, and they are relatively quiet when fired with snake shot, when compared with some standard ammunition.

They're also used for pest control at airports, warehouses, stockyards, etc.26.

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The most common shot capsule is .22 Long Rifle loaded with #12 shot. At a distance of about 10 feet (3 m), which is about the most effective range, the pattern is roughly 8 inches (20 cm) in diameter from a standard rifle. Special smoothbore shotguns, such as the Marlin Model 25MG can create effective patterns out to 15 or 20 yards using.22 WMR shotshells, which hold 1/8 ounce.

Poisoned bait is a common way of controlling rats, mice, birds, slugs, snails, ants, cockroaches and other pests. The fundamental granules, or alternative formulation, contains a food attractant for the target species and a suitable poison. For ants, a slow-acting toxin is needed so that the workers have enough time to take the substance back to the see this page colony, and for flies, a quick-acting substance to prevent further egg-laying and nuisance.27 Baits for both slugs and snails often contain the molluscide metaldehyde, dangerous to children and family pets.28.

Warfarin has traditionally been used to kill rodents, but many populations view it have developed resistance for this anticoagulant, and difenacoum is often substituted.29 These are cumulative poisons, requiring bait stations to be topped up frequently.27 Poisoned meat has been used for centuries to kill animals like wolves30 and birds of prey.31 Poisoned carcasses nevertheless kill a wide range of carrion feeders, not only the targeted species.30 Raptors in Israel were nearly wiped out following a period of intense poisoning of rats and other crop pests.32.

Fumigation is the treatment of a structure to kill pests such as wood-boring beetles by sealing it surrounding it with an airtight cover such as a tent, and fogging with liquid insecticide for an extended period, typically of 2472 hours. This is costly and inconvenient because the construction cannot be utilized during the treatment, however, it aims all life phases of insects.33.

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An alternative, distance treatment, is fogging or misting to disperse a liquid insecticide in the atmosphere within a building without evacuation or airtight sealing, allowing most operate within the building to continue, at the cost of decreased penetration. Contact insecticides are generally utilized to minimise long lasting residual effects.33

Populations of pest insects can at times be dramatically decreased by the release of sterile individuals. This involves the mass rearing of a pest, sterilising it by means of X-rays or some other means, and releasing it into a wild population. It is particularly useful where a female only mates once and where the insect does not disperse widely.34 This technique has been successfully used against the New World screw-worm fly, some species of tsetse fly, tropical fruit flies, the pink bollworm and the codling moth, among others.35.