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Pheromone traps can detect the birth of fleas or alert foresters to outbreaks. For example, the spruce budworm, a damaging pest of spruce and balsam fir, has been monitored using pheromone traps in Canadian woods for several decades.22 In certain regions, such as New Brunswick, areas of forest are sprayed with pesticide to control the budworm population and prevent the harm caused during outbreaks.23.

Many unwelcome animals visit or create their home in residential buildings, industrial sites and urban areas. Some contaminate foodstuffs, harm structural timbers, chew through cloths or infest kept dry goods. Some inflict great economic loss, others take diseases or cause fire dangers, and some are just a nuisance. Control of these pests has been tried by improving sanitation and trash control, modifying the habitat, and using repellents, growth regulators, traps, baits and pesticides.24.

Physical pest control involves trapping or killing pests such as insects and rodents. Historically, local folks or paid rat-catchers captured and killed rodents using dogs and seals.25 On a national scale, sticky flypapers are used to trap flies. In larger buildings, insects may be trapped using such means as pheromones, synthetic volatile substances or ultraviolet light to attract the insects; a few have a sticky base or an electrically charged grid to kill them.

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Rodents can be killed by appropriately baited spring cubes and can be caught in cage traps for relocation. Talcum powder or"tracking powder" can be used to establish routes employed by rodents inside buildings and acoustic devices can be used for detecting beetles in structural timbers.24.

Historically, guns have been one of the primary methods used for pest control. "Garden Guns" are smooth bore shotguns specifically made to fire .22 grade snake taken or 9mm Flobert, and are commonly used by gardeners and farmers for snakes, rodents, birds, and other insect. Garden Guns are short range weapons which can do little damage past 15 to 20 yards, and they're relatively silent when fired with snake shot, compared to some standard ammunition.

They're also used for pest control at airports, warehouses, stockyards, etc.26.

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The most common shot capsule is .22 Long Rifle packed with #12 shot. At a distance of about 10 ft (3 m), which is about the maximum effective range, the pattern is about 8 inches (20 cm) in diameter from a standard rifle. Special smoothbore shotguns, such as the Marlin Model 25MG can produce effective patterns from 15 or 20 yards using.22 WMR shotshells, which maintain 1/8 ounce.

Poisoned bait is a common way of controlling rats, rats, birds, slugs, snails, ants, cockroaches and other pests. The fundamental granules, or other formulation, contains a food attractant for the target species and a suitable poison. For ants, a slow-acting toxin is needed so the workers have time to take the substance back to the colony, and for flies, a quick-acting substance to prevent further egg-laying and nuisance.27 Baits for slugs and snails often contain the molluscide metaldehyde, dangerous to children and family pets.28.

Warfarin has traditionally been used to kill rodents, but many populations have developed resistance for this anticoagulant, and difenacoum is often substituted.29 All these are cumulative poisons, requiring bait stations to be topped up regularly.27 Poisoned meat has been used for centuries to kill animals such as wolves30 and birds of prey.31 Poisoned carcasses however kill a vast range of carrion feeders, not only the targeted species.30 Raptors in Israel were nearly wiped out following a period of intense poisoning of rats and other crop pests.32.

Fumigation is the treatment of a structure to kill pests like wood-boring beetles by sealing it surrounding it with an airtight cover like a tent, and fogging with liquid insecticide for an extended period, typically of 2472 hours. This is expensive and inconvenient because the construction cannot be used during the treatment, but it aims all life stages of pests.33.

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An alternative, distance treatment, is fogging these details or misting to disperse a liquid insecticide in the air within a building without evacuation or airtight sealing, allowing most operate within the building to continue, in the cost of decreased penetration. Contact insecticides are generally utilized to minimise long lasting residual effects.33

Populations of insect insects can sometimes be radically reduced by the release of sterile individuals. This involves the mass rearing of a insect, sterilising it by means of X-rays or some other means, and releasing it into a wild population. It's particularly useful where a female only mates once and in which the insect does not disperse widely.34 This technique has been sites successfully used against the New World screw-worm fly, a few species of tsetse fly, tropical fruit flies, the pink bollworm and the codling moth, among others.35.